References

Flatline™ References

0.61°C pre-induction temperature loss, citations 1–10
1.11°C post-induction redistribution temperature loss, citations 6–13
0.1°C per hour intraoperative warming rate, citations 4–9, 11, 13–15

  1. Vanni SMD, et al. Preoperative combined with intraoperative skin-surface warming avoids hypothermia caused by general anesthesia and surgery. J Clin Anesth. 2003;15:119–125.
  2. Chandon M, et al. Prevention of postoperative shivering by pre or intraoperative skin-surface warming. Anesthesiology. 1994;81:A561.
  3. Gauthier RL. Use of forced are warming system for intraoperative warming. Anesthesiology. 1990;73:A462.
  4. Kabbara A, et al. Randomized prospective comparison of forced air warming using hospital blankets versus commercial blankets in surgical patients. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:338–44.
  5. Smith, et al. Use of forced-air warming during and after outpatient arthroscopic surgery. Anesth Analg. 1994;78:836–841.
  6. Negishi C, et al. Resistive-heating and forced air warming are comparably effective. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:1683–7.
  7. Kurz A, et al. Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. NEJM. 1996;334:1209–1215.
  8. Borms SF, et al. Bair Hugger forced-air warming maintains normothermia more effectively that Thermo-Lite insulation. J Clin Anesth. 1994;6:303–307.
  9. Camus Y, et al. Leg warming minimizes core hypothermia during abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg. 1993;77:995–999.
  10. Just B, et al. Prevention of intraoperative hypothermia by preoperative skin-surface warming. Anesthesiology. 1993;79:214–218.
  11. Hynson JM, et al. Intraoperative warming therapies: A comparison of three devices. J Clin Anesth. 1992;4:194–199.
  12. Murat I, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of a forced-air warmer (Bair Hugger) during spinal surgery in children. J Clin Anesth. 1994;6:425–429.
  13. Matsukawa T, et al. Heat flow and distribution during induction of general anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1995;82:662–673.
  14. Bennett J, et al. Prevention of hypothermia during hip surgery: effect of passive compared with active skin warming. Br J Anaesthia. 1994;73:180–183.
  15. Kurz A, et al. Forced-air warming maintains intraoperative normothermia better than circulating-water mattresses. Anesth Analg. 1993;77:89–95.